GATE 2023 Ecology and Evolution 

Abiotic and biotic components; scales (population, species, community, ecosystems, biomes); niches and habitats.

: Population growth rates (density dependent/independent); metapopulation ecology (colonization, persistence, extinction, patches, sources, sinks); age-structured populations.

Types (mutualism, symbiosis, commensalism, competition, parasitism, predation, etc); ecophysiology (physiological adaptations to abiotic environment); prey-predator interactions (Lotka-Voltera equation etc)

Community assembly, organization and succession; species richness, evenness and diversity indices, species-area relationships; theory of island biogeography

trophic levels and their interactions; nutrient cycles; primary and secondary productivity

Lamarckism; Darwinism; Modern Synthesis

Variation; heritability; natural selection; fitness and adaptation; types of selection (stabilizing, directional, disruptive)

Origin and history of life on earth; diversity and classification of life; systems of classification (cladistics and phenetics)

Allocation of resources; tradeoffs; r/K selection; semelparity and iteroparity

Co-evolution (co-adaptations, arms race, Red Queen hypothesis, co-speciation); prey-predator interactions (mimicry, crypsis, etc)

Origins of genetic variation; Mendelian genetics; HardyWeinberg equilibrium; drift; selection (one-locus two-alleles model); population genetic structure (panmixia, gene flow, FST); polygenic traits; gene-environment interactions (phenotypic plasticity); heritability

Neutral theory; molecular clocks; rates of evolution; phylogenetic reconstruction; molecular systematics

Species concepts and speciation; adaptive radiation; convergence; biogeography

: Simple functions (linear, quadratic, exponential, logarithmic,etc); concept of derivatives and slope of a function; permutations and combinations; basic probability (probability of random events; sequences of events, etc); frequency distributions and their descriptive statistics (mean, variance, coefficient of variation, correlation, etc).

Concept of p-value; Type I and Type II error, test statistics like t-test and Chi-square test; basics of linear regression and ANOVA.

Instinct; fixed action patters; imprinting; learnt behavior; proximate and ultimate questions

Neuroethology; communication (chemical, acoustic and visual signaling); recognition systems

Foraging behaviour; optimal foraging theory

Cost of sex; sexual dimorphism; mate choice; sexual selection (runaway selection, good-genes, handicap principle, etc); sexual conflict; mating systems; parental care. Social living: Costs and benefits of group-living (including responses to predators); effect of competition (scramble and contest) on group formation; dominance relationships; eusociality; kin selection; altruism; reciprocity; human behaviour

Importance of conserving biodiversity; ecosystem services; threats to biodiversity; invasive species; in-situ conservation (endemism, biodiversity hotspots, protected areas); ex-situ conservation; conservation genetics (genetic diversity, inbreeding depression); DNA fingerprinting and DNA barcoding

Epidemiology; zoonotic diseases; antibiotic resistance; vector Control Plant and animal breeding: Marker assisted breeding; genetic basis of economically important traits

Causes; consequences; mitigation